To understand the nature of the problem, imagine yourself in the following situation: You have been blindfolded and taken by a circuitous and unfamiliar route to a place you have never been before. There, in a forest without any view if distant landmarks, the blindfold is removed. You are left alone with a compass and a map, and you need to find your way back home.

Unfortunately, before you can use the compass for information about direction, you must determine where you are in relation to your goal -- you need to find your location on the map so you will know where you are in relation to home. A bird in an unfamiliar setting is quickly able to gain the information it needs to orient itself and navigate its way back home. To explain bird navigation, we have what is known as the "map-and-compass" theory.

The compass component of this theory gives direction --- north, south, east, west; the map component tells the bird where it is, or gives locality. Scientists have learned a great deal more about the compass component than they have about mapping. They know that birds have several means of determining compass directions, but unfortunately, they still have no satisfactory explanation for how birds use biological "maps" to guide then to a precise location from an unfamiliar starting point.